Tag Archives: Photographer

Frederick N. Hughes; and the Hughes Brothers. (Frederick N. & C. C.)

Ambrotypes, Daguerreotypes, Photographs, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Activity:

1849-1851       83 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York

1852                Hines Hotel, Fayetteville, Tennessee.

1852                Union Street, Nashville, Tennessee.

1854-1855       59 College Street, Nashville, Tennessee.

1854-1858       26 Union Street, Nashville, Tennessee.

1857                46 Public Square, over Hicks’ China Hall, Nashville, Tennessee.

 

John Craig in his Craig’s Daguerreian Registry list Frederick N. Hughes in New York City from 1849-1851.  To date no articles or advertisements have been found in the New York Daily Tribune or The Evening Post in addition none of the suburban New York papers that have been search have revealed anything. C. C. Hughes reported by Craig was also in New York City from 1851 to 1853. 1851 at 271 Bleecker Street; 1852-1853 at 4 Ames Street; and he speculates that in 1854 that Cyril Hughes is the same person and a daguerreian at 201 east 21st Street.  Like his brother no additional articles or advertisements have been found in the New York papers.

On March 11, 1852 an advertisement places Frederick in Fayetteville, Tennessee taking daguerreotypes at the Hines Hotel, which was on or near the Public Square.  It appears by the number of times that he has advertised that he made at least three visits to Fayetteville in 1852.  The first series of advertisements were on March 11 and on the 18th.  His second visit in which he advertised was on April 29, and his third visit from July 15 through August 5, 1852.  On November 18 he advertises that he has permanently relocated to Union Street in Nashville.

The first advertisement for F. N. Hughes found in the Nashville papers is not until October 31, 1854 in an advertisement for the Hughes Brothers Daguerrean Artists and Daguerreotype Stock Dealers.  It is learned from that advertisement that they purchase the Gallery from Dobyns & Co.  “The subscribers have the honor to inform their numerous friends, that owing to an increase of business they have purchased the Rooms lately occupied by Dobyns & Co.”  C. C. Hughes is listed on Union Street, over Streetch & Orr’s.  F. N. Hughes is listed at 59 College Street with the note (late Dobyns & Co.)  Hughes is not listed in any of the Advertisements for Dobyns, in fact an advertisement appears that list Dobyns’ Galleries and his partnerships.  They go on to say that our galleries are fitted up in a neat style, with powerful Sky-Lights…and in the Union Gallery they have a beautiful Piano for the use of the Ladies.

The Dobyns advertisement appeared on August 17, 1853 and ran until January 15, 1854 in the Nashville Union and American newspaper.

Daguerrean Stock And Picture Establishment.

Dobyns & Yearout, Nashville, Tennessee, College Street

Dobyns & Hall, Louisville, Ky.

Dobyns, Richardson & Morssewet, sic. Moissenet, New York City

Dobyns & Spaulding, St. Louis, Mo.

Dobyns & Yearout, Memphis, Tenn.

Dobyns & Harrington, New Orleans, Louisiana

At any of the above establishments, you can procure as fine Pictures as can be had in any city, of any desired style or finish, as we have every improvement, and expect to keep up with any and all improvements.  We are prepared in either city to furnish artists with every article used in the art.  Our arrangements are such, we can furnish stock on the most reasonable terms.

N.B.—Pictures taken in any kind of Weather. Dobyns & Co.

While we’re talking about Thomas Jefferson Dobyns, the following first names or initials of his partners follows.  Nicholas Hall; William H. Harrington; Felix Moissenet; V. L. Richardson; J. M. Spalding; and John T. Yearout.  Two other advertisements related to Dobyns in Nashville are worth mentioning on October 16, 1853 we learn that Edwin Church has accompanied Dobyns from New York to run the Nashville Gallery.  Then on September 3, 1854 the following notice appears—The Copartnership heretofore existing under the firm of Dobyns & Church and Dobyns & Co., is dissolved.  No one is authorized to collect debts of the concern but Mr. J. T. Yearout.          T. J. Dobyns.

Curious no announcements were located in the Nashville newspapers announcing this partnership.  Yearout was in charge of the Nashville and Memphis galleries prior to Church’s arrival and evidently charged with settling the accounts and disposing of the gallery.

In another advertisement for the Hughes Brothers that appeared on November 1, 1854 and ran until September 8, 1855 they added that they also have a powerful side and sky lights, the only ones in the city…In an advertisement in the Nashville Union and American that ran on September 9 to October 16, 1855 they now list themselves as photographic and daguerrean artists, and dealers in daguerreotype stock and apparatus. The same advertisement ran in the Daily Nashville True Whig from September 10 to November 27, 1855 and is the last time the 59 College Street address was listed.

Reported in the Daily Nashville True Whig on October 11, 1855.  The first annual Mechanics Fair of the Mechanics Institute closed on Saturday night, after having been the center of attraction to citizens and strangers for a week…Of daguerreotypes, specimens were exhibited by Messrs. Hughes Brothers and C. C. Giers, and of photographs by the former gentlemen.  These were highly finished specimens, and such as may be produced at the establishments of the exhibitors… The following day October 12 the list of Premiums appeared.

Class 26—Daguerreotypes, Photographs and Apparatus.

Hughes Brothers, daguerreotypes and photographs…..Diploma.

  1. C. Giers, daguerreotypes……………………………2nd class Diploma.
  2. McLain, daguerreotypes……………………………Honorable Mention.

On January 30, 1856 they start advertising themselves as ambrotype, photographic and daguerrean artists at 26 Union Street, Nashville.  They go on and elaborate ambrotypes, photographs, plain or colored in oil, and warranted as permanent as any other style of painting.  Daguerreotypes, stereoscopic, crayon or vignette, and every other style of pictures taken at this establishment.

They go on to say in the next paragraph that they recently introduced the ambrotype to Nashville and that they have become so popular that they have at great expense secured the services of a celebrated New York artist to attend to this branch of the business exclusively.  No name was ever mentioned in any of the advertisements associated with the Hughes Brothers to determine who this was.

On October 26, 1856 the premiums were announced for the second annual exhibition of the Mechanics’ Institute held on October 13 through 20.

Class No. 6—Marble Work, Paintings, Drawing, Daguerreotypes, Etc.

W. & E. S. Dodge, Nashville, Miniatures on Ivory………………………………5

W. & E. S. Dodge, Nashville, Photographs, plain and colored…………. 5

Larcomb, Nashville, Ambrotypes……………………………………………………….5

Hughes Brothers, Nashville, Daguerreotypes……………………………………5

A side note J. W. Dodge is John Wood Dodge (1807-1893) and E. S. Dodge is possibly Edward Samuel Dodge (1816-1857).  It is not known if there is any relation between the two men.  John Wood Dodge is identified through a website as being in Nashville.  Both are miniaturist John Wood is also described as a dioramist.  In researching both men in The New-York Historical Society’s Dictionary of Artists in America 1564–1860. There is no mention of either one being in Tennessee.  John Craig records in his Craig’s Daguerreian Register Edward Samuel Dodge as a miniature painter in New York City and Poughkeepsie and a Daguerrean in Richmond, Virginia in 1844, and in August, Georgia, between 1850-1853 and possibly earlier.  He sold his gallery in November with the intention to retire.  Craig does not document John Wood Dodge in his Registry.  Advertisements do indicate a partnership of Dodge & Wenderoth in 1855-1856.  On September 29, 1855 an advertisement in The Daily Nashville True Whig announces that they are in St. Louis, Missouri making Photographic Miniature Portraits, (crystalotype likenesses) and that they will be in Nashville in October for a short stay.  August Wenderoth is also a miniature painter.  The last advertisement for the partnership appeared on August 2, 1856.   A little over two months before the second annual exhibition of the Mechanics Institute Fair.

On November 23, 1856 the Hughes Brothers start to advertise that they are making colored ambrotypes and melainotypes for 50 cents.  Put up in first rate style, including case.  Others are charging one dollar, we will take for fifty cents and large ones $1.00. On December 5th they drop their price to forty-five cents.

In the Nashville Union and American on April 14, 1857, J. W. Dodge announces that he has sold his rooms, apparatus, and materials to the Hughes Brothers and plans to reside permanently at his home in Cumberland County.  He takes great pleasure in recommending them as his successors.  He goes on to say that they are gentlemen of skill and experience in their profession and have engaged a corps of artists of superior abilities.

No advertisements appear for J. W. Dodge for his photographic business or for a partnership with E. S. Dodge before or after the 1856 fair, and no death notice was located for E. S. Dodge who died on April 6, 1847.  There are a couple of article and an advertisements for a J. W. Dodge in Cumberland County that are unrelated to photography but are relevant.  On October 18, 1856 at the same fair he is awarded a premium for his display of apples. Pronounced the finest ever seen by all.  On October 22 an announcement that his apples will be sold at auction to-night at 8 P. M.  On November 15th in an article entitled Cumberland Mountain—Fine Fruit And Vegetables.  Which talks about the agricultural resources and access to the Cumberland Mountains and J. W. Dodge.  In this article the possibility that this is the same person changes to probably with the one sentence…Our clever artist friend, J. W. Dodge, Esq.  On December 28, 1856 Dodge advertises that he is selling a tract of land in the Cumberland Mountains.  In this advertisement it is confirms that this is the same person.  A plat of the land can be seen at my painting rooms, over Hick’s China Hall on the square.

The Fourth Annual Fair of the Mechanics’ Institute of Tennessee announced the list of awards on October 22, 1857 where the Hughes Brothers are given a diploma for their photographs, ambrotypes, melainotypes and sphereotypes.  They are the only photographers listed as having an award this year.  (*this should be the third not fourth fair.)

They continue to advertise without mentioning daguerreotypes until January 23, 1858 this advertisement ran until June 3.  A Great Rush!  Hughes Brothers, melainotypes, ambrotypes, photographic and daguerrean artist.  It’s always interesting to see how the daguerreotype is referred to after the introduction of the ambrotype.  Most of the time photographers advertising that they are now taking ambrotypes down play or should I say that they are vehemently opposed to the daguerreotype, they say almost like it’s a caned response in their argument that the daguerreotype is of an inferior quality, they complain about the reflection, and the fact that they are reversed, and that they fade, etc. The argument most photographers give is that the ambrotype is superior, it can be seen in any light, and the tones are richer.  It is refreshing to see that the Hughes Brothers did not use this tactic they continue to offer all processes.

Hughes Brothers, were listed together until 1858.  The last article for the Hughes Brothers was on May 8, 1858 in the Nashville Patriot.  And announce that they have been engaged to execute the likenesses of the delegates and Bishops of the M. E. Church General Conference now in session in Nashville, for the purpose of a steel engraving.

Frederick N. Hughes does not appear in the Nashville newspapers after the June 3d Advertisement.  C. C. Hughes appears through 1859 and continues in business into 1861 in Nashville according to Craig.

Julian Vannerson

Ambrotypes, Daguerreotypes, Photographs, , , , , , , , , , ,

By deciphering Vannerson’s activities through the newspapers in Washington, piecing together several newspapers a clearer picture appears. The first advertisements which I have access to that mentions Vannerson is from the Daily American Organ on July 22, 1854, and reads in part “New Daguerrean Gallery.  The establishment formerly owned by Mr. [Edwin C.] Thompson, has been purchased by Mr. Vannerson, of this city…” From this advertisement through July 30, 1856 only Vannerson’s last name is used, giving the impression that Vannerson is operating his own gallery.  Not until the following advertisement appears on January 5, 1855, in the Daily American Organ do we have a clue as to which of the three brothers is operating in Washington (Adrian, Julian or Lucian.) In referencing Craig’ Daguerreian Registry Julian is the brother who is operating the Whitehurst’s Gallery in Washington, which is confirmed in later advertisements.

Portrait of Rev. Mr. Sunderland.—A lithographic portrait of Rev. Byron Sunderland, pastor of the four-and-and-a-half street Presbyterian Church, in this city, is to be published by Mr. C. H. Brainard, of Boston, who has already published portraits of many of our distinguished men in a style of artistic excellence rarely equaled.

This portrait of Mr. Sunderland will be drawn by Grozelier, from a daguerreotype by Vannerson, the accomplished superintendent of Whitehurst’s gallery, and we feel bold to say in advance, be in every respect creditable to all concerned in its production.

On July 30, 1856 the following advertisement appears in the Evening Star. From this we learn that he has left Whitehurst Gallery which he had been employed for the past five years.

Vannerson’s Gallery Of Premium Daguerreotypes, Ambrotypes & Photographs, No. 424 and 426 Pa. avenue, (Lane & Tucker’s building.) between 4½ and 6th sts., Three Doors from his former place of business, Washington, D. C.

Mr. Vannerson Returns His thanks for the very liberal patronage bestowed on him, while conducting the Whitehurst Gallery, for the last five years, and solicits its continuance from his friends and the public at his New Gallery, where he has greater facilities for the production of fine Portraits than formerly, with all the latest improvements for the production of Daguerreotypes, Ambrotypes, Photographs, and Portraits, in Oil colors, on Canvas, in Water colors, and Pastille.

Mr. Vannerson devotes his personal attention to all sittings.

Over the next couple of week several card appear in the Washington newspapers Whitehurst implies that Vannerson has misappropriated funds for his own use. Vannerson on the other hand claims that over the last couple of years under an agreement he was entitled to one half of the profits and that he is innocent of Whitehurst’s claims, which Whitehurst does acknowledge the agreement, but continues to claim misappropriation of funds.  At this time no outcome of the accusations have been found in any of the Washington newspapers that I have viewed.

Vannerson continues to operate his gallery into 1857.  On March 31, 1857 it is reported in the Evening Star that he has been awarded a bronze medal for photographs, ambrotypes and daguerreotypes at the Mechanics’ Fair.  This is the last advertisement or article found in the Washington newspapers at this time.  It is reported in Craig’ Daguerreian Registry and by Merry A. Foresta the former director of the Smithsonian Photography Initiative that Vannerson was associated with James E. McClees around mid-1857[1], Craig also reports that Vannerson moves back to Richmond, Virginia in 1861.

On August 4th, 1859 the following appears in the Evening Star. Phelan (Michael) and Bird continue to made much of by the billiard amateurs of this city.  They dropped in at Ellicott’s saloon, corner of Thirteenth street and the avenue, yesterday afternoon, and played three games, (four ball American game,) Phelan winning two of the three.  In the evening they had some further playing at Marr’s Billiard Hall, Bird beating Phelan by 70 points in 200.  The weather was voted too warm entirely for the French carom games.  To-day Phelan and Bird are sitting for their photographs at Vannerson’s.

The question is, is Vannerson on his own again, or is he still working for McClees?

A quick search of the Richmond Daily Dispatch has determine approximately when Vannerson arrived back in Richmond, by using caricature recognition searching under Vannerson’s name the first hit was an advertisement on December 12, 1860 that announced the co-partnership between Smith & Vannerson has been dissolved.  I next searched the various processes in use.  On April 20, 1860 the following advertisement appears,

For rent—Photographic Gallery, in Corinthian Hall, now occupied by J. Thomas Smith. Possession given immediately.  On May 23ed Smith’s first advertisement appears at his new gallery at 77 Main Street, Whitehurst’s Old Stand.  On June 13 at the end of a Smith Advertisement he advertises that an “Operator is wanted.”  On September 22 the announcement of the Smith & Vannerson partnership appears.

A New Art Gallery In Richmond. The proprietors of the new Art Gallery would respectfully call the attention of the citizens of Richmond, and strangers in the city, to the fact that they have leased the rooms formerly known as “Whitehurst Gallery,” No. 97 Main Street, and have opened an establishment for the production of Every Style Of Photographs, From the Smallest Locket to the Full Size Of Life.  And as A First Class Establishment, They have every facility, and will produce a better style of Photograph that has heretofore been made in this city.  To finish the Photographs In Oil, the very best talent will be employed.

Photographs In Water Colors.  A superior picture, and at a price much less than hitherto charged by artists in this city, prices ranging from Three to Five, Ten and Fifteen Dollars.  Crayon Photographs, of Cabinet Or Life Size. A new style, to which particular attention is requested.

Photographs in India Ink will be finished by the same artist, Whose skill in this branch of art has given so great a popularity to this style of Picture, as made in Washington and Philadelphia.

Photographs, Ambrotypes and Daguerreotypes Copied.—An important fact to be noted is that the Photographs finished in oil at this establishment, are all made upon canvas, and not on paper fastened to canvas. Another fact to be remembered is, that anyone possessing a Daguerreotype or Ambrotype of a friend, may have it copied by photography of any desired size, and finished in Oil, Water Color, Crayon or India Ink.  Parties at a distance may thus send a Daguerreotype and have the Photographed returned by express.  An examination of specimens is solicited.     Smith & Vannerson, Practical Photographers, No. 77 Main st., between 14th and 15th sts., Richmond, Va.

Pictures made at all prices, from Fifty Cents to Fifty Dollars.

On November 1 a List of Premiums awarded at the seventh annual exhibition of the Virginia Mechanics’ Institute, which closed on the night of October 31….

Class No. 27.—Photographs, Daguerreotypes, Engravings, &c.

To G. W. Minnis, for finest display of Photographs, Certificate of Silver Medal.

To Smith & Vannerson, for second best Specimens, First-Class Diploma.

To Rees & Co., for third best Specimens, Second-Class Diploma.

Vannerson was still operating a gallery in Richmond on September 4, 1866. On December 13, 1866 the following advertisement appears,

At Home Again In The Midst Of The Pictures!

In returning to the business, in the conduct of which some years since I flatter myself I established a fair reputation, I will respectfully inform my friends and the public that I have taken the well-known Old Whitehurst Gallery, On Main Street, Below Fourteenth Street (Late Vannerson & Co.’s) and with all the modern improvements introduced, I am prepared to furnish Photographic Pictures in every style of the art, at Reduced Prices, and warranted equal to any produced in this city. All persons in want will please give me a call.    P. E. Gibbs.  de. 12.

It interesting to note that Whitehurst left Richmond in 1857 yet everyone who has been in the studio since then (1866), has referred to the “Old Whitehurst Studio” in their advertisements.

In tracking Whitehurst addresses it is difficult to nail down specific locations through 41 pages of Whitehurst advertisements and articles from Washington, D. C.; Baltimore, Maryland; Tarborough, North Carolina; and Richmond, Virginia he uses for his Washington studio Pennsylvania Avenue, (or variant Pa./Penn Ave.) or Pennsylvania Avenue between 4½ and 6th Street, also Lane and Tucker Building and over Duvall & Brothers Store.

 

Vannerson’s activity dates and address.

1851-1854       Pennsylvania Avenue, between 4½ and 6th Street, Washington, District of Columbia.

1854-1855       426 and 428 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia.

1856-1857       424 and 426 Pennsylvania Avenue, Lane & Tucker’s Building, Washington, District of Columbia.

1857-1859       308 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia.

1861-1866       77 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia.

[1] The Photographic and Fine Art Journal, December 1857, Vol. X, No. 12, P. 380.  “Mr. Vannerson is the agent of  Mr. McCleese’s gallery…”

Tyler & Company

Ambrotypes, Daguerreotypes, Lettertypes, Photographs, Vitrotype, , , , , , , ,

While this is an interesting group of photographers and needs further exploration, the following is what I know at this point. They advertised mostly as Tyler & Co. (with no first names.)  John Craig refers to them as “mass merchandisers” they come in to a town, stay a short period of time, undercut their competition, and flood the market with ninth plate images.  I have advertisements from several newspapers from both Boston and Worcester Massachusetts, but the bulk comes from the Richmond Daily Dispatch.  A new advertisement appears almost every day, starting on March 19, 1857 until late December when they advertise that they have opened another gallery at 39 Sycamore Street, Petersburg, Virginia.  Afterwards their advertising slows down a little, they miss a day or two here and there.  On January 30, 1858 they drop their price in half from .50 – $50 to .25 – $25.  During this time period a typical day’s advertisement is in a solid block with a paragraph or two and or between one and 13 separate lines of often repeating text.  On March 20, 1858 they claim that they have spent $4,000 over the past year on advertising.

They repeatedly make unsubstantiated claims. First that they were in New Orleans, Louisiana for eight years prior to being in Charleston, South Caroline for three.  In reviewing a number of photographic directories, I cannot at this time verify the New Orleans claim.  Looking at Photography in New Orleans, The Early Years, 1840-1866 by Margaret Denton Smith & Mary Louise Tucker they do not mention them. Craig’s Daguerreian Registry also does not list them in New Orleans, except to say that they won a wager that they could make 1,000 likenesses in four hours.  This was probably from an advertisement in one of the Charleston papers.  Looking at Partners with the Sun South Carolina Photographers 1840-1940, by Harvey S Teal.  He has Tyler & Co. in Charleston from December 1855 to June 1856 and again between, November 1856 to February 1857 that’s a total of 11 months, not the three years they claim.

Another claim is the amount of portraits they take daily which can fluctuate between 300 to 1,000 on any given day. They do advertise that they are taking daguerreotypes or what they call Vitrotype, later they advertise ambrotypes, photographs, lettertypes, ect.  They make the same claims “400 taken daily” when they were in Boston, Worcester and Charleston.  In Boston and Worcester they use a double lens camera.  In Richmond they advertise that they are taking “three at a pop.”  They also start out advertising that they employ fifteen artist which quickly becomes twenty and by the end of their time in Richmond they are up to twenty-five artists.

By the tone of their advertisement they are the only ones that ever uses steam in the production of likenesses, and that anyone who say they uses steam are just imitators. John Adams Whipple in Boston advertises on May 12, 1848 in the Salem Gazette that he is using a small steam engine to buff his plates. They also claim to have daguerreotype and ambrotype patents, and that they are inventors from everything I have looked at, no records of patents were ever issued to them.  They are also in the habit of claiming that they have at different time been issued 5 Gold medals, but they never say when or where they received these awards.  Every other photographer list when and where they received an award.  They did win a silver medal for Daguerreotypes at the 1857 Fair of the Virginia Mechanics Institute.  Also Albert Litch won a silver medal for color photographs, Sanxay & Chalmers won a silver medal for Ambrotypes, and E. Powers a first class diploma for Ambrotypes and Photographs.

Their philosophy which they state several time is to “keep it before the people.” Translation beat them over the head with their advertisements, and they do.  Their claim that other photographers are charging $2.50 for the same image they charge 50 cents for, is unjustified.  If fact other image makers were charging 50 cents for their images long before Tyler & Co. came to Richmond.

On May 18, 1858 we learn in an advertisement that C. R. Rees has returned to Richmond from a five month stay in Petersburg (Tyler & Co. new gallery.) On August 10, 1858 we learn that C. R. Rees is now the Proprietor.  Rees continues the same practice in his advertising as Tyler & Co. but with less regularity.  His excuses as to why he did not exhibit at the late fair was that he was getting ready to send specimens to his new gallery in Memphis, Tennessee.  It is interesting Tyler and Company have also opened a studio in Memphis around this time, what is the conection?

Craig speculates that the various listings he has for Tyler & Co. based on the language of the advertisements are the same company.  On June 6, 1857 the following advertisement appears in the Daily Dispatch which seems to verify John’s speculation.

Strangers and all others, are cautioned against being humbugged and deceived by steam pictures advertisements. This steam picture taker has been Driven out of Boston, Cincinnati, Worcester, Mass, and Charleston, S. C.  This Imposter commenced to advertise 50 cent Daguerreotypes but he found they did not take.  He then altered his show bills and advertisements to Vitrotypes for 50 cts., pretending it was a new kind of picture.  This fellow says he has taken 400 Pictures a day for 16 years.  Now he did not have money enough to buy a few yards of carpet when he arrived here, but had to run his face.  This same humbug man took pictures in Boston for 20 cts. apiece.  The public can judge whether his work is good or bad.  It is my intention to show him up just as long as he continues to humbug, lie and deceive the people of Richmond.                                                                       Respectfully, A. W. Osborne, Opposite Exchange Bank.

Below is the timeline and address of their studios to date.

 

N.D.               Address Unknown, New Orleans, Louisiana. [i]

1853-1855       2 Winter Street, Boston, Massachusetts. (Edward M. Tyler.) [ii]

1855                   Main & Front Streets, Worcester, Massachusetts.[iii]

1855-1856       233 King Street, Charleston, South Carolina. [iv]

1856-1857       233 King Street, Charleston, South Carolina. iv

1857                30 & 32 Fourth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio (James Tyler.) [v]

1857-1858       139 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. i

1857-1858       39 Sycamore Street, Petersburg, Virginia. i

1858                Canal Street, New Orleans, Louisiana. i

1859-1860       219 Main Street, Memphis, Tennessee (Edward M. Tyler.) v

1860                81 Westminster Street, Providence, Rhode Island. (E. M. Tyler.) v

 

 

 

 

 

[i] The Richmond Daily Dispatch

[ii] Directory of Massachusetts Photographers, 1839-1900 and the Boston Morning Journal.

[iii] Worcester Daily Spy

[iv] Partners with the Sun South Carolina Photographers 1840-1940.

[v] Craig’s Daguerreian Registry